The simplicity of combustion engines means the design (apart from a few tweaks) has remained unchanged for over a century. The engine draws outside air, mixes it with fuel at a defined ratio and ignites it to push pistons downward to turn a crankshaft. Combustion by-products, or the spent gases, exit the engine through the exhaust valves, and a system of tubes, allowing the next combustion cycle to take place.

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